Jamesian Philosophy Refreshed

Quorant asked recently, "How is Wittgenstein related to both Kant and Hegel?".  I answered: The early Wittgenstein, the author of the TRACTATUS, is very much a Kantian as to epistemology. His own linguistic epistemology is what you get if you try to adhere to Kant as closely as possible consistent with a rejection of Kant’s idea of “synthetic a priori” knowledge. Kant would be surprised at the notion that anyone CAN separate Kantianism from the synthetic a priori. But Wittgenstein, in a manner, pulls it off.  Of that of which we cannot speak, Wittgenstein tells us, we must be silent.  He was speaking here of the really real, of that which is beyond that conceptual tools in our minds that control what we can take in as "facts." As to the knowable world, what "is the case" is a fact, not a thing.  It is provisionally or pragmatically real, not really real.  A Hegel/Wittgenstein link?  That is a different trick.  You COULD try to see the movement from th...

 This looks like a mess.  Peruvian police raids property of former electoral chief amid irregularities in elections So ... Peru has a two-tiered system of electing a President. In the first round, there is a free-for-all, with dozens of candidates.  If no one gets 50% + 1, the two top vote getters from that round run against each other in the second. Much like California's Governor's race.  The first round took place on April 12th.  Various snafus delayed some of the voting until the next day and snafus in the counting since then have been legion. It is clear as I wrote this that the largest vote total was the one that went to the daughter of a former President, that is to Alberto Fujimori's girl, Keiko Fujimori.  It is not at all clear who will be running against her. But the cliffhanger or "who came in second" isn't what is generating the headlines in Peru right now. Nor are they generated by the complicated nature of the Fujimori family's political lega...

 Many years ago, boys and girls, there were television commercials about the Keebler elves working to make their cookies inside a hollow oak tree. The commercials were probably as famous in their own way as the hucksterism of "Crazy Eddie" would become somewhat later.  Here's a link:  Keebler Elves in the Hollow Tree | 70s & 80s Tv Commercials | EL Fudge   The elves and their tree were first cooked up, so to speak, in 1968.  They got their boss and spokesperson, Ernie Fudge, two years later.  That's E.L Fudge.  E as in everybody -- L as in "loves" fudge.  The odd pointlessness of much of memory.  So: why did I illustrate this pointless memory with an image from the Sistine Chapel?  I just guess that as God is said to have created His world, we within that world create our own fictional worlds. Give the copy writers some credit. That it may have been just a day's work for some of those inolved does not make it uncreative. 

  The Canadian Journal of Philosophy has gone open access.  That is why I was able to discuss the article about free will and closure arguments in my Tuesday and Wednesday posts this week. Long live Canada.  Canadian Journal of Philosophy | Cambridge Core

  Tucker Carlson's son quits JD Vance's team after pundit suggested Trump might be 'Antichrist' News from inside the belly of the beast.  JD Vance is best bud with Tucker Carlson.  Back in the day, Tucker got his ambitious son, Buckley Carlson, a job on Vance's staff. I personally like to imagine that the rest of the staff called him Skippy.  That was back when Carlson, Vance, and Trump were all posing alike in their professed opposition to the neoconservatives of the Bush family circle and their forever wars.  Now, Trump is the wartime president, Carlson (bless his otherwise infernal soul) will not abide that.  Vance has no choice but to abide whatever Trump does and put a smile on his face while Trump does it, devastating as it may be to JD's chances of prevailing as a peace candidate in 2028.  Also devastating to Skip Carlson's chances of being a bigshot. Imagine my despair. 

You are looking for a second consecutive day at a fossil-disclosed jungle cat inspired by thought experiments over whether p was true already in ancient times.  I go back today to the issue raised in the Canadian Journal of Philosophy in an article earlier this year by Fabio Lampert and John William Waldrop.   The point is not to settle the issue of what is free will and is it real.  The point, rather, is in logical analytical fashion to render clear "previously underappreciated constraints on defenses of closure-based arguments against the existence of free will."  Who are they?  Lampert is affiliated with the University of Vienna, apparently a postdoctoral researcher there.  Waldrop's affiliation is with Notre Dame. They seem often to have worked together.   As I understand it, they are saying that various promising arguments against free will require a principle of closure, and that whether they have such a principle available in the sens...

In the Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Fabio Lampert and John William Waldrop recently offered a rather confusing argument about free will.  They didn't argue for it or against it precisely, but sought to outline what a solid argument for it or against it might look like.  They seem sure that no sound argument to either conclusion has appeared yet, despite the voluminous attempts. "Free will and intensional operators" is the title of their article, in the February 2026 issue. As one might expect, the phrase "intensional operators" plays a big part in their discussion. So does the word "closure".  They don't really define what they mean by [epistemic] closure in this context, but I expect that it means here that for any domain of discussion X, the domain is closed if and only if we can safely add to our knowledge by taking the enatilment of what we know as also ... known. [This is different from causal closure.]  Free will, for Lampert and Waldrop,...

The safe return of Artemis, with its four astronauts, reminded me of my boyhood  and the thrill of following the Gemini and Apollo flights. Some time in the school year that began around Labor Day 1969, a friend and classmate of mine named Pat showed me a poem he had written on how inspired he was by space exploration, and especially by the safe return of the Apollo 11 astronauts after their landing on the moon. It was a well-written poem for a 6th grader.  But he had chosen a picky critic.  I noted that he had described the return of this flight as a thing happening in spring.  Chiefly because thing and spring rhyme.  I pointed out, "the moon flight took place in July."  He thought about it and said he was not going to try to change the masterpiece. After all, thing and spring rhyme so nicely.  Well, they do. The following couplet also rhymes: It is hard to surpass the cosmic-sized bummer Of not having a rhyme for a flight in mid summer. Anyway: I am...

Just a book note today. I've heard good things about this one.  Brenda Wineapple, KEEPING THE FAITH (2026), concerning the Scopes Monkey trial still reverberating in our national consciousness after a century. Wineapple is a former faculty member at Sarah Lawrence and at present teaches in the MFA program at Columbia. She also has a world-class enviable surname.  Here's the link.  https://www.americamagazine.org/books/2026/01/15/review-the-scopes-monkey-trial-and-church-state-tensions/ [The above photo is of Clarence Darrow.]

 In finance journalism, the acronym HOTS stands for "Heard on the Street," the somewhat opinionated and somewhat gossipy column made famous, and made into a mover of markets, by Dan Dorfman in the 1960s.  Someone would advance the history of this branch of journalism if he could only write a comprehensive history of this column, from its earliest days in the 1930s to and through Dorfman's day to the notorious reign there of Foster Winans in the 1980s.  Anyway, Jonathan Weil writes it now. Weil, whose expertise as a forensic accountant has long given an edge to his journalism, defends the management of Blue Owl, a large alternative asset manager that specializes in private credit.  Private credit funds typically act as non-bank lenders to mid-market businesses. Blue Owl in particular has become controversial of late for its relative illiquidity. Specifically, it has lent a lot of money to firms on the software-as-a-service (SaaS) business, also known as the app econom...

Archeologists report the discovery, on an old papyrus manuscript, of verses they attribute to Empedocles, previously unavailable to us moderns.  The finding, days ago, didn't happen out in the field in Indiana Jones fashion. It appears to have happened in an office. Specifically, at the French Institute of Oriental Archeology in Cairo. It sounds as if somebody may have done the field work years ago, but the pertinent papyrus has been stored away, significance unrecognized, and only just now has been recognized as what it is.  What IS it?  Let us start with who is the author. Empedocles is one of the pre-Socratics, generally associated (though not geographically) with the Ionians: Thales, Anaximander, etc. Like the others of that school he is -- or has until now been -- known entirely through the fragments of his work quoted by later authors. He expounded a theory of "Love" and "Strife" as two cosmic forces, the former always mixing the (four) elements, the latte...

Let us take this from the top.  Just think of two creatures: one notoriously swift of foot, the other not so.  Then think that the slower creature has a short head-start in a race.  Of course the former will catch up with and pass the later.  That is inherent in what we mean by such notions as slow and fast.  But ... what if we assume with ancient geometers that space, and so every possible distance, is infinitely divisible?  Does that throw a wrench into things?  Fast creature (Achilles) starts ten meters behind slow creature (Turtle). Achilles moves ten times as fast.  Within some period of time (we will call it a nonce), Achilles has advanced those ten meters. Ah, but Turtle has now advanced one meter, and so is still ahead.  Achilles advances THAT distance in one-tenth of a nonce.  Yet he still has not caught up, for the Turtle has by now advanced one-hundredth of a meter.  And so forth, depressingly, on and on. It is impossible...

  And it means what it says.  That's the post. 

"Since our world conditions have changed, we can do no other than to think our own thoughts about the redemptive significance of the death of Jesus and all that is connected with it, basing our thoughts, so far as possible, on the original and Primitive-Christian doctrine.  But if we undertake this task, as we needs must, we ought to make clear to ourselves what we are doing.  We ought not to bemuse ourselves with the belief that we are simply taking over the whole of the dogmatic conceptions of Jesus and of Primitive Christianity, seeing that this is, in fact, impossible.  And we ought not to regard the obscurities and contradictions, in which we find ourselves involved, as originally attaching to Christian doctrine; we ought to be clearly conscious that they arise from the transformation of the historical and Primitive-Christian concepts into concepts necessary to adapt them to a later situation.  Instead of simply being able to take over traditional material as we...

  I begin by repeating my spoiler alert from last week. This concerns the final chapters of an E.L. Doctorow novel published in 2014, the last one he published (he died the following year). IF YOU WANT TO COME TO IT FRESH, YOU WILL NOT WANT THE REVELATIONS I AM ABOUT TO MAKE!  Anyone still here?  Okay, then.  Andrew's time as a teacher at a DC high school is brief. He soon, accidentally, and in a manner I won't relate, comes to the attention of President George W. Bush.  We learn only at this point that the two knew each other -- indeed, they had been roommates at Yale as undergrads.  They had both been involved in what seem like typical frat-boy hijinks, and in at least one such instance Andrew had taken the blame to help keep the Bush family crest clean re one such hijink, involving a Bunsen burner in a Yale lab. Someone in the Bush staff gets nervous that someone like that -- someone who could tell such tales to the press corps -- is in DC. So they press...

  It was a big splash when news of the bankruptcy filing broke. Serta, of course, is a well-known mattress company, around since 1931.  [Not a year full of economic optimism -- it must have taken some contrarian gumption to start it then.] Whatever mattress you use at home, dear reader, you have almost certainy slept on a Serta if you have spent a night at a Hilton or Wyndham.  Anyway, back in 2020 the company was in trouble, and it executed what became a very controversial transaction to lessen its total debt burden It is called an uptier deal, because it allowed certain favored creditors to move up on the capital stack, to end up that I which positions more senior than they had before. The creditors who had been excluded from this deal cried bloody heck.   They had reason to be worried. The creativity that deal showed did not in fact rescue the company from its woes and in early 2023 it filed for bankruptcy court protection.  A lot else has happened in the thr...

Steven Louis Reynolds passed away last month, (March 21) in Salt Lake City, of complications related to Parkinson’s disease.  His fine 2017 book, Knowledge as Acceptable Testimony  took a social view of what we mean by knowledge.  Sorry, Descartes, but someone sitting at a desk alone determined to figure out whether he knows anything has already lost the battle. Knowledge only has meaning and 'knowledge' only has meaning within a world populated by other people in which such affiliated ideas as 'acceptable testimony' make sense. Reynolds received his PhD from UCLA and he spent more than three decades teaching philosophy at Arizona State University. I did a search of his name looking for photos.  I persistently got one of him standing in a cave, which accordingly I have used. Was he a spelunker on his spare time or was he making a sly point about Platonism?  Either way: rest in peace, professor.

Spoiler alert! If you have never read this book and hope someday to do so, and hope to be surprised by plot turns, I have to warn you that this post will give one big one away.  Still here, anybody?  All right. In our earlier posts I made clear that in the opening scene, Andrew's beloved second wife Briony is dead.  Andrew thrusts his infant by Briony upon his first wife, Martha.  There is no explanation of the reason for her death, and while reading the middle of the book about their courtship and life together the easiest assumption is that she was going to die in childbirth. She didn't.  Briony gave birth and there was a cozy household of three for a time. But she died soon thereafter in the collapse of the Twin Towers in the financial district of New York City on September 11, 2001. That struck me as quite a twist in a story that until then had been vague about chronology. Hence the spoiler warning above. It was over the following two months that Andrew make...