From the history of ancient philosophy that we discussed yesterday we now turn to the history of modern philosophy, because a distinguished intellectual historian concerned with the latter subject, and associated with the University of Notre Dame, passed away recently and we should note the fact. Karl Ameriks is best known for his work interpreting Immanuel Kant in particular and German idealism more generally. He is known as a critic of a strict anti-realist view of Kant (or of that broader tradition). Kant is less of an anti-realist than, say, George Berkeley, on his account. Not just a different sort of anti-realist, but less of one. To explain the relative degrees of anti-realism he had in mind, Ameriks invoked a distinction between "long" arguments and "short" arguments for idealism. Here is a short argument: Any experience I have must be an experience of mine. That which is mine is subjective -- i.e. it depends upon me. Therefore, any experience I have is s...